As a follow-up to this research, Tupes and Cristal conducted a landmark study that identified five relatively strong and recurrent factors (i.e., extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness) across several samples. The factors Tupes and Cristal proposed would eventually become the FFM as it is known today following replication by numerous other studies. These factors represent traits at the broadest level of abstraction, and are meant to summarize more distinct and specific dimensions. As the model has become accepted by researchers, the focus has shifted to the utility of it. Modern meta-analyses on the FFM have found consistent links to outcomes of interest such as job performance.
